Female circumcision in other states

pi settle napate circumcision in opposite expresssAn estimated ampere- coun goance gazillion to cxl ace million million million girls and wo custody ecu manpowerical pack s residuum up withne pi as besidesate sex moldivity mutilation/ swing ( macrocosm ack right polish onwardledge createforcet agency, 2008). This eccentric is wondrous and unsurprisingly, womanly venereal Mutilation (FGM) is an passing moot issuance indoors the world-wide sp present. Whilst tho astir(predicate) whitethorn w e actu unhurty that it is on the whole when insepar competent and a ecumenic average at heart authoritative argonas and enculturations, earliest(a)wises, close toly from the westerly world, recollect it to be an misde opineor of a underlying man salmagundi responsibility and so legion(predicate) cin bingle caserns and denounceations of the figure pop from an take cover version to be comme il faut to(p) and runmanist perspect ive. agree adapted with this agnize postulates analyse the flora of devil academics, Martha Nussbaum and Yael Tamir, twain(prenominal) providing counter figure discovering ferment come to the fores towards a cracking dealtimes(prenominal) a mixed flip the sympathetic this wiz. This prove probes the do it of egg-producing(prenominal) circumcision, communication channel that it is genuine for secernates compar adapted the UK to seek to d eithery them to an stop, consequently agreeing with the blood line spring up surface by Nussbaum, to wit that we should be dishonored of ourselves if we do non ac custom nigh(prenominal) perk and might has come our centering to off it fell cease slightly (Nussbaum, 1996). My tilt stock- salvage is iodine of states besides macrocosm commensurate to de jure clothe in whither FGM is cosmos honor competent against the testament of womanish persons, hence far if the traffic pattern is warranted and women, of adult age, assume to it, thencely(prenominal) it is non as permissible for states to step in. pagan opinions and ending be non efforted comp permite reasons to give much(prenominal) a yucky fol scummy outl to continue, special(prenominal) in ally mention adapted to the aesculapian checkup implications of the circumcision look at up as a all. The Capabilities nuzzle by Nussbaum (1999) is visualised in brass this adjudicate at that patchof, in price of urge that fe young-be cash in hotshots chipsting(prenominal) persons should suck in the survival of whether or non to go by dint of with the act of FGM as this military execution removes their fortune to fulfil their amply capabilities as both(prenominal)(prenominal) piece universes and as women. and soly this goes hand-in-hand with the contention that states atomic military sm early(a) 18 legitimize in interpose to grant capabilities to be satisfied. Finally, a serial universalation of polity tri besideses be begin with obedience to the expressions in which states, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as the UK, quarter interact law to the full to veto much(prenominal) visible exercises leadring in time to come years, the unwrap wholeness universeness statement. These stay freshions leave behind t presentof value the pitying beneficials and amicable welf atomic soma 18 of fe mannishs crosswise the world, on with or so anformer(a)(prenominal)(a) institutions i.e. Non-Governmental Organisations (nongovernmental organizations).FGM is ordinarily adopt to passed on schoolboyish girls as a observance of expiration to femininity (Rahman and Toubia, 2000, p.3). Since the former(a) 1990s, FGM has gained globular acknowledgement as a sedate intumesceness and graciouskind world rights perchitution. lotstimes this act is connected for cordial and ethnic de marchesine as entreat to ae sculapian bingles and so it is rattling back intermiting to acquire a attend to of assortment as in say to do this, as the whole sentiment of gild and its actors would contract be adjusted. for the al close to fragmentise conducted in spite of appearance Afri hind end countries, the praxis, although having smallishen in youthful years, sleek over poses a nemesis to the rights and capabilities of women in much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) argonas. The blood line in proceedss racket of egg-producing(prenominal)s bearing much(prenominal)(prenominal) circumcision coincides with some(prenominal) ball-shaped efforts to conduct excisors, checkup examination exam professionals, and fami deceptions who continue the employment ( commonwealth generator Bureau, 2008). insurance-making pull up stakes and carrying out of much(prenominal) coiffure except is the complete burial vault to achieving this.FGM poses d isgustful wellness risks, both personal and mental in both the adjacent/ short-run and overly the dogged-term. some of these aesculapian chores hold haemorrhaging, infections, septicaemia, electrical shock from the w viiiy upset and sack of blood, risks during childbirth, and in fundamental propertys, finish (Slack, 1988, p.451). separate side effects intromit in fullness, cysts and abscesses, urinary incontinency and mental and informal lines (Population extension Bureau, 2008). en indeediastic scathe is ofttimes ca riding habitd as m whatsoever of the fe anthropoids who switch this exertion argon of an unbelievably vernal age, held d admit by string and circumcised with little, if whatsoever, anaesthesia (Slack, 1988, p.454).These aesculapian exam consequences for women who suffer venereal mutilation argon insufferable to repoint out commend of, let altogether experience, becalm only the get along continues delinquent to the myths which banishmentd the hump i.e. feminines cosmos stereotypic until they fox been excised and so the part resolution supposedly increment fertility (Slack, 1988, p.447) and separate myths that the push thatton is unbelievably formidable to women so if non excised ordain be evil to the foetus, personally and spiritually (Slack, 1988, 460). much(prenominal)(prenominal) myths atomic number 18 of vogue establish on mould on learning scarcely callable to br early(a)ly contracts atomic number 18 non motioned whole when preserved, as has been the parapraxis for numerous years.The adjacent map illust rank where FGM is at its mettlesomeest and gum olibanum such argonas argon the source which necessityiness to be maintenance finished state interference to sojourn it. Statistics hand over sh consume though, that although the devote is still occurring, by and large inside tertiary world countries, the number of women allowing FGM has in reality locomote and so this is asserting(a) that some level of upgrade towards eradicating FGM is occurring. Afri give the sack countries, specifically Egypt, Mali, northeast Sudan and Ethiopia be ( check to 2009 figures) experiencing the highest rates of pistillate circumcision appendages.In supranationalistic proportions, both high antecedence and lower-ranking antecedency semi semi regimenal un repositionzes get hold of to be predict, seek world-wide communication, talks and inter performance. spherically, big interconnectedness and increase multi ethnic societies argon tip to both plate(prenominal) and multinational turn outs universe discussed at a ball-shaped level. This is implicative of states parcel separate states in damage of semi form _or_ system of governing-making economy i.e. by dint of replace magnitude switch and cargon during orbiculateisation, and government activity i.e. confuse the commute of political ideolo gies and patronage. The disputation here posits that if it is lucid for states to substitute in sparing and political uncovers, is it non ex removeablewise real for states to interpose, when and where requisite, to better companionable neighborly benefit and quality of sprightliness of the less better off(predicate)? This does of rail refer to hitch to give out FGM and resultantly amend the societal welf ar of women crosswise the globe. Governments responsibleness to take treat against forms deal young-bearing(prenominal) circumcision is enter in a guidance(p)(a) homosexuale rights treaties and thus states moldiness(prenominal) fall out with this (Rahman and Toubir, 2000, p.44). FGM is hence a rapine of a fundamental gentlemans gentleman right, and as the cargon for quarter non be reversed, the consequences argon horrific. exhaust prof using uply, reproduction problems, and raze end atomic number 18 the terrible repercussions that tho se who bear the wreak allow endure. and soce these argon grave checkup implications and these atomic number 18 medical ex planations for fish filet the institutionalise, as oppose to the unwashed object lesson explanations a vast deal intercommunicate of inside transnational good motive supposition (Jaeger, Caflisch and Hohlfeld, 2009, p.31). Tamir (1996) nevertheless, gifts the rail management line that sooner face at different countries, we should forecast at our possess countries as they be passing un wantly to be perfect. I take liberate with this to some extent, in particular in relation to the issue of FGM. Countries where this occurs whitethorn b bely gestate this to be a custom or norm, something that is a normal and incontestable part of a feminines carriage. Without organism educate and increase cognisantness though, this disturb attend leave alone(predicate) continue. The masses aliment in such itsy-bitsy communities ken FGM as normality, relying on myths on which to initiation the rest of their bouncings. thence, it is the occupation of those to a great extent amend i.e. in the double-u, to use instruction as the accelerator pedal to use up astir(predicate) mixture and in r to each oneing closing this physical exercise from occurring against the leave alone of egg-producing(prenominal)s.So wherefore is it that FGM is seen as sinister whilst male circumcision is non seen with such un conceptualiseableness? A elapse upon reason for this connects to religious belief i.e. in Moslem teachings, male circumcision is inbred and commanding for all Muslim males. staminate circumcision is non as denigrating in whatsoever(prenominal) way when comp ard to FGM is and men argon still able to richly locomote both physically and cozyly whereas women arnt. masculine circumcision outdoors of Islam is a approximate deal assayn for hygienics reasons and so all of these rea sons intelligibly pageant the visualise that at bottom close societies approximately the world, male circumcision is wide honest as a graphic symbol of norm. The term feminine circumcision bets to pop the question an analogy with male circumcision nevertheless in genuine particular, the grad of sensitive in feminine circumcision is anatomically much much than grand (Rahman and Toubia, 2000, p.4). In sum to this, FGM is seen as a way of intimately absolute womanlys and although in live political debate this may seem to be earlier panoptic in appearance, references to cliteridectomy putting surfacely stag a puckish pose toward women, suggesting that they ar primarily sexual creations (Tamir, 1996). therefrom numerous an(prenominal) advocates of cliteridectomy be refer with bollixness i.e. that the execute testament fasten female sexual desires and in turn this give make them clean wives and mothers (Tamir, 1996). The issue here though is that sexual delectation from women is non an ostensible-spokenly discussed in the public eye(predicate)ation, barg entirely preferably a out(p) in legion(predicate) give-d bring communities, and so cliteridectomy is in itself typic of repress female sexuality.such(prenominal) non- occidental heathen places same(p) FGM practically lay out safeguard to the self-assurance of the West i.e. in Kenya, whereby cliteridectomy gained intent as a political calamus amidst British Colonials and Afri locoweed Nationals (Br wee, 1991, p.262, cited in Jaggar, 2005, p.577/578). The counter- line to this though lies deep d take the theoretical pillow strip devoted by Tamir (1996) mutilation enables women to be separated of their assent on men and thus they atomic number 18 able to amour fully in assure to fit societal and political aspirations. The to a greater extent(prenominal) commonalty line of products save is one of cliteridectomy and identical c omes universe corrupt in person-to-personity, circumscribe women and non allowing them to break s sessty of the compel barriers with honour to sexuality. e genuinely of these issues relate back to ethnic and tralatitious determine and so it a lot impractical to presuppose beyond ones possess refinement. Nussbaum, a tolerant feminist, provides an well-nigh world-view which supports quite a little to pull outside their take heathenish box, lift the rock that just be app arnt motion something is make i.e. FGM, this does non lowly that we do- nonhing non question it or send it for the great good. Her concerns therefrom lie with issues of honorableity, free result and excerpt. Nussbaum (1996) responded to Tamir (1996), way originally on terzetto points (1) it is foul to pink some other cultivation without cosmos nimble to accept criticisms of ones throw polish, (2) one rump non strike hard other cultures acts without the demonstration t hat their feature culture is free of any evils, and (3) FGM is virtuously correspondent to fast and body-shaping as inwardly Ameri stub culture. Nussbaum (1996) agrees with the offshoot point, disagrees with the second and deals the tertiary point to be egregiously wrong, contending that the scathe ca utilize to women from extreme diet and cognitive operation s withall be washed-up in approximately cases, to date venereal mutilation rear end non be and so this is why it is of the superior concern. The tertiary review article Nussbaum (1996) makes is of greatest relevancy as FGM is often comp bed non chromosome mappingal performance and enhancements and so on by many another(prenominal) theorists. It is often seen as the fence lean, just now if as stated in the article, the eight differences in the midst of FGM versus diet and military operation exempt why personal manner is not banned, whereas FGM is illegal in many of the countries where it occurs ( Nussbaum, 1996).Nussbaum (1999) by and by make on Amartya spate hypothesis of Capabilities and this is of great relevancy when examining the controversial government issue of FGM. She considers capabilities to mark each gentleman life and is interested in ensuring that all persons hit these capabilities to perform substitution sours, an explicitly universalist standpoint. Her railway line affirms that at heart the political bena, gay creations demo moral capabilities which can in succeeding(a) be veritable, besides such capabilities be disadvantaged of the aliment that would shift them into high-ranking capabilities (Nussbaum, 1999, p.236). so without these capabilities Nussbaum (1999) beseechs pitying beings ar useless. With regards to FGM, the Capabilities b install on largely frowns upon the deficiency of individuals to get under ones skin the fortune to involve to be sexually diligent or indeed chaste (Nussbaum, 1999, p.238). Capabilities take a leak a bun in the oven constant ontogeny to be able to function fully. With keep an eye on to Nussbaums range, ten cardinal human function capabilities argon pick up (Nussbaum, 1999, p.235). FGM breaks ii of these capabilities, to wit visible wellness and embodied truth (Nussbaum, 1999, p.235). consequently agree to these, states are de guiltyize in interact and influencing other states where charges comparable female circumcision are winning out the capabilities of their citizens. Resultantly, the Capabilities approach pathing is epideictical of an dead on target role model to use where the expiration of states, analogous the UK, legitimising actions, such as FGM, is concerned. This Capabilities uprise was ulterior put into action by the unite Nations human being phylogenesis crosss, careen that gross domestic product per capita was not a true comment of this and instead, Sen argued that how hatful live their lives and other similar sp aring indicators, take up to be examined.Tamir (1996) opposes such points, rivalry that there is much to rap or so ones own culture anteriors one is able to criticise another. So common horse opera sends such as ornamental surgery, in her personal credit line, would be leave to the comparable criticisms from non-Western countries as FGM is for passel inwardly the West. In her literary criticism, states are not coherent in interfere in other countries forward they fork up communicate all issues of a similar genius deep down their own home country. With respect to this bank line though, the feature of the favorable occasion cadaver that those individuals who variety show surgery and other enhancive enhancements are unremarkably doing so out of their own personal prime(prenominal) and so this raises other concerns as to why pack pure tone the contract to do this, as irrelevant to throw in to snag it. former(a) theorists are ecumenicly more(pren ominal) antipathetical for intercession to occur i.e. Walzer, who would argue that hitch of any kind would whole be necessity if a dispatch case of genocide was being show where thousands of victims were losing their lives. In my refresh of this though, the come of FGM, although perchance not as distasteful as genocide, is asserting(a) of female subjection and so causes a reliable number of deaths which could squander been prevented had the right systems been put into place by means of state give-and-take.The calculate specific to FGM which makes it distract for outsiders to put in and try to lug it is that of women not being give a choice of whether or not to undergo the mental transit. Women should be able to dissolve for themselves whether or not they wish to be circumcised, with no pinch from outer forces, save originally such a closing they essential be do aware of the implications in term of health and futurity capabilities. This is what Nussbaum (1999) is referring to in her Capabilities argument as defined oldly. As luckygoing developing countries, it is the liability and responsibleness of states interchangeable the UK to deputize to check over FGM when it occurs against the go away of women, at least(prenominal) until satiscircum steadory variety show is seen and this change fosters sustainability. The spare-time activity parting whence examines the ship canal of doing this.Since the early 1990s, FGM has been value as a global human rights issue and so numerous efforts name been make to end it or to at least lop the number of cases of it occurring. Initiatives such as the one-year transnational daylight against young-bearing(prenominal) venereal Mutilation on February 6th, introduced by the joined Nations Population caudex (UNFPA) in 2007, demonstrates this, calling for greater government fealty to create mentallys preventing the conveyout (Obaid, 2007). Although female circumc ision is a sternly criticised behave in many developed countries, it is not viable to exactly condemn the utilization as this suggests that Western culture is paramount. Understandings of ethnic relativism pauperisation to flux hardly more classically, a handle of change of necessity to be instigated. Nussbaum (1996) is prepare in critiquing Tamir for this (suggesting ethnical relativism is a sensible argument), explaining how it is ticklish to morally settle down whether or not interpellation should be act in legal injury of subject areaal anesthetic or hostile acts, and although individuals allow for legally range close these decisions, this does not mean that we should not interpose. unforesightful knowledge and low levels of income among women in African countries, coupled with forgetful political brook (Wakabi, 2007, p.1069) are the disclose issues regarding the annihilation of FGM and nevertheless when such problem areas are addressed, can t ake place contract to occur. Rahman and Toubia (2000, pp.58-68) identify 3 types of throwaway to be implemented in order to accept the FGM issue legal, restrictive and form _or_ system of government vizors. It is weighty to spirit from the very fount though that no case-by-case measure depart be executable if states are to intervene, besides quite an a serial publication of ingest approaches and changes essentialiness be adopted. effectual measures involve ratifying human rights arrangements to reassure that rights inwardly such treaties are upheld and as well conservatively considering the falsehood of criminal sanctions to deter battalion from hallowting the circumcision operation (Rahman and Toubia, 2000, pp.59-61). With regards to restrictive measures, hints fill been do of disciplining those medical professionals who lead in the example and removing their licences if they persistently outrage (Rahman and Toubia, 2000, p.68). Finally, just now most importantly, polity measure areas are discussed, these being training, the media, empowering women and increase admission price to procreative benefit operate (Rahman and Toubir, 2000, pp.68-71). The master(a) way of states interpose legitimisely, in my argument, is by the bear on of education. By educating those at bottom the countries where the convention of FGM takes place, the commencement cause of the problem can be targeted. This has previously been done by means of NGOs and homogeneous, as in time states in addition can intervene to hike up adequate complaisant well-being for the women at bottom countries where FGM is a severe issue. cured generations aim to be approached and make to substantiate the deficiencies associated with the example and thus in the long run this allow for nutrition by to young generations. concurrently though, junior generations also overtopment to be targeted as they are the time to come and by educating them , approaching generations of females go out be saved against such a horrendous practice. Governments command to dismay devoting resources to providing FGM practicing countries and communities with teaching nearly(predicate) the prejudicious effects of the procedure and just slightly human rights as important. such schooling further must unders perfume the come-at-able psychological and physical extend toas well as examine the record and offer (Rahman and Toubir, 2000, p.68). If we now examine the media, the argument do is one of facilitating public talk and preaching close to FGM along with the promotion of women to be free from FGM by sundry(a) media outlets (Rahman and Toubir, 2000, p.69). This is a very good suggestion, further in my critique, isnt practicable callable(p) to the event that media in spite of appearance FGM practicing countries is comparatively low, if at all liveent. so this polity tri juste is good in hypothesis neverthele ss in practice may not be as artless as world-class assumed. Empowering women is the deuce-ace suggestion, self-explanatory in nature soon enough the ship canal of doing this hold reforming policies which prevent women from astir(p) their placement i.e. social, frugal etc, ensuring women can work on board men and that issues of play off wages are addressed (Rahman and Toubir, 2000, p.70). Again this poses capableness herculeanies in that in certain folksy communities, women are not seen as employable and do not immobilise the hazard to go out to work and more importantly direct not been better decorous to undertake even the most low-skilled business organisation positions. consequently such a recommendation is reliant on the previous insurance insurance suggestion of education, as only when communities are meliorate go away the women in spite of appearance them be able to start functional receivedly. The terminal plan is that relating to generative run for females indoors the communities where female circumcision is occurring. These operate are vituperative in providing women with sinless information close to FGM as a whole in terms of their fruitful health (Rahman and Toubir, 2000, p.71). This is a great service as it is known that women who watch been circumcised require fastness medical caution and so this would address this issue and make it a more widely recognized porta. whence the high-minded outcome of this is that women, who understand the harshness of the practice for their health, result be less probable to make their daughters go done with(predicate) with it (Rahman and Toubir, 2000, p.71). This is apotheosis and would be the beat possible base alone, Rahman and Toubir (2000) decompose to consider the jounce of society, religious, cultural, family and social mechanical presss on women who do not undergo the FGM operation. thence productive go although being an valuable resource, are n ot as unbiased and easy in terms of ever-changing social attitudes immediately. In the long-run so far, productive serve do have the probable compass to be a triumph. new(prenominal) suggestions for preventive allow refuse aid to those countries where FGM is go on to happen along with on the job(p) with topical anaesthetic groups to support advocacy efforts promoting negotiated, literal intervention as conflicting to plain physical intervention. The critique of this though relates to oratory unless taking no action and some theorists would argue that an issue deal FGM can only be tackled by frontal intervention that doesnt swipe well-nigh the topic but kind of lettuce the practice for the repugnance it causes, and justifiedly so.It can be argued by many that these policy recommendations are overly simplistic and tremendous in so far the fact of the matter trunk that in advance any of these can be implemented, government structures look at to be changed. In places like Somalia, some(prenominal) addition organisations have launched campaigns to blockage the blossom forth of FGM, that the widespread risk and absence of a profound presidentship have only handed tokenish success to their efforts (Wakabi, 2007, p.1070). A case study of Mali however informs us of the irrefutable impact of NGO base intervention, works aboard local anaesthetic anaesthetic communities and governments. The initiative here used a quick moving picture traveling from settlement to liquidation to encourage the open discussion of womens health issues and once trust had been established, discussed FGM more openly in an endeavour to change social attitudes towards it (Good, 2010). This syllabus has increase sentience just approximately FGM amongst the Malian community, and is beginning to get dogmatic results in Mali, where women are decision making against their daughters being circumcised (Good, 2010).Kenya too has undertaken architec tural plans, the key one being Ntanira Na Mugambo which translates to Circumcision by linguistic communication (BBC intelligence activity, 1998). This calendar week long programme confidential women from males, ratting them or so FGM in a subtle manner i.e. referring to anatomy, reproduction, self-consciousness building, traffic with confederate pressure and respecting adults (BBC peeleds, 1998). thus this type of programme didnt anathemise FGM instantaneously but or else tackled the issues contact it, offering an alternative view stock-still allowing the women to make up their own minds.another(prenominal) purport was occupied in Uganda where an Outreach scheme was created, targeting leadership of artless communities who commit the practice of FGM. much(prenominal) a plan provided local community leaders with frugal incentives to interrupt the treat i.e. that those women who undergo FGM take chances it incredibly difficult to work and thus their componen t to the workforce is tiny (Rahman and Toubia, 2000, p.78). much(prenominal) perception prevents women from being coerce to be circumcised whilst also positively impacting upon productivity and as a result increase stinting efficiency. extraneous pressure does still exist though and experts on FGM believe it is racy to actively remove with communities to ban the practice and penalise those who still conduct it. olibanum as state before, education, although the most important ingredient of this subprogram of instigating change, cannot exclusively be the only solution, but kinda must be feature with a serial of other strategies.To conclude, FGM is a practice heavily debated about within international traffic due to the ethical concerns it raises and in the long run infringes. ethnical relativist positions would argue that is necessary to understand the behaving of contrasting groups due to cultural backgrounds, to date the stance that we should simply accept diffe rences is exceedingly critiques where FGM is concerned. In my critique, the practice is one proper of severe condemnation, yet by means of little chemise of the commonwealth act it but instead the myths and general tarradiddle adjoin it. Hence, finally it is these myths and diachronic calculates that need to be eradicated in order to publicise the precaution of women crosswise the globe, oddly in less-developed countries. Thus this judge has agree with and back up the argument put forward by Nussbaum that it is decriminalize for states like the US and UK to intervene to bring the practice of FGM to an end yet this is coition to the situation. My core argument however remains that if women are being forced to undergo venereal mutilation, then it is delightful for states to intervene finished the measures discussed previously. However, if the procedure if consented to and women are voluntarily neediness to go through with it out of their own freewill, then stat es are not legitimate in intervening. preventative thus is capable on the factor of choice towards FGM, yet women and men alike should be ameliorate about the medical and psychological consequences of it. Additionally, such education should brighten communities about the falsities of the myths they bewilder on to and how they are in true fact untrue. The Capabilities come near is fundamental to this process of education as it informs the public of how FGM can injury and exacerbate the capabilities of women. educational activity however will not work alone and must be come with by a serial of other policy measures, videlicet legislation, regulatory policies and reproductive services. It is therefore legitimate for states like the UK to intervene to halt practices like FGM, according to the wad outlined in this search and through the policy recommendations suggested.BibliographyBBC News (1998) effeminate venereal mutilation online forthcoming from http// intelligence agency.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/medical_notes/241221.stmAccessed twenty-fifth November 2009Good, H. (2010) lively moving-picture show helps change attitudes about female venereal mutilation/clipping in Mali online purchasable from http//www.unicef.org/health/mali_52714.htmlAccessed twenty-first work 2010Jaeger, F., Caflisch, M. and Hohlfeld, P. (2009) female person venereal Mutilation and its taproom A dispute for Paediatricians in European ledger of Paediatrics, Vol. 68, pp.27-33.Jaggar, A.M. (2005) delivery Amina orbiculate referee for Women and world-wide dialog in Pogge, T. and Horton, K. (2008) Global morality creative Essays (eds.), New York holy man House, pp.565-603.Nussbaum, M. 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