Religious Dissent, Discord, Settlement and Religious Essay Example for Free

Religious Dissent, Discord, Settlement and Religious EssayThis class of the topic introduces the topic and the thesis. In support of the formation of the thesis, the de yet discusses a brief history of the Tudor reign, and how prior monarchies have created religious divisions within the English society. The introduction enumerates the main concerns surrounding the topics of religious dissent, discord, settlement and religious atmosphere that took place before and during the reign of Elizabeth I.The introduction also establishes the argument as to whether Elizabeth Is solution to the religious conflict, the creation of a united church, was an important and feasible move considering the politics surrounding her reign and the pressing influence of capital of Italy on the religious affairs of many countries, particularly in Europe. Although this would eventually lead to the formation of the Church of England and the English Reformation, it is important to examine the historical affect of Elizabeth Is decision in terms of implementing a defined and united English church. II. The Religious Atmosphere Prior to Elizabeth II Overview Elizabeth Is impact on the religious life in England can be attributed to the problems which she inherited this section discusses these factors, briefly touching on the religious atmosphere during the reigns of Henry heptadI, Edward VII and Mary I.As religion played an important role in England at that time, especially with the influence of the Roman Catholics pertaining to Englands foreign relations with Rome and other parts of Europe, the religious atmosphere prior to Elizabeth Is reign can be observed to represent deep divisions as some groups wanted to have a different interpretation and practice of the sacred Christian texts and rituals, whereas some wanted to follow the Roman Catholic way.Although this may look like a small problem, religions role in the societies of those times was critical. At that time, the Church had a strong influence on the State, and this was something upheld by previous monarchs before Elizabeth I took the throne. Certain wars sprung out because of religious conflict, and it became a pressing problem especially as before Elizabeth I had to address the re-installation of universality in England under Mary Is period. II. a Religious Atmosphere below Henry VIII II.b Religious Atmosphere Under Mary I III. Elizabethan Reign Dissent, Discord and Religious Settlement and Atmosphere Overview This section provides a more detailed historical approach in Elizabeth Is religious settlement. This takes from Elizabeth Is decision to re-establish the Church of England and break ties with Rome. This section also touches on the different acts or laws implemented at that time which would serve as steps in the implementation of the Church of England and address religious divisions in the society.This section also provides a concise but substantive play down on Elizabeth Is installation as Quee n in supplement to her religious settlement. This is an important aspect of the paper as Elizabeth Is background provides the motivation and the decision of the queen, especially in terms of her religious settlement. IV. Elizabethan England Religion and Renaissance This section touches on the English society during the Elizabethan era. This provides a background of the religious atmosphere in the country and how, during Elizabeth Is reign, the English society started to change.This also gives a background on how and why Elizabeth Is period has been considered as the Golden Age of English history in which this era became a site of pregnant accomplishments of literature and art, in addition to the prevalence of the Protestant Reformation mindset of the people. What is interesting is that although Elizabeth I would stabilise Protestantism in England, and she would be recognised for it, this did not keep open the emergence of the English Renaissance where the Elizabethan society woul d adopt a more open mind towards the arts and the sciences. V. ConclusionThis paper concludes with an analysis of Elizabeth Is religious settlement and how this would serve as an important seed to the formation of the English society especially in the religious and political context. This section also summarises the aspects of religious dissent and discord, especially as to whether Elizabeth I successfully addressed the deep religious divisions in the English society this is an important point of discussion as her religious settlement was not just aimed to address religious conflict within the country but also as a means for her to install her legitimacy and rule an era of renaissance instead of religiosity.

The Art Institute Essay Example for Free

The Art Institute EssayMy goals in life are not hard to achieve at all. First and foremost, I realize for a goal to be achieved,it will take determination and discipline to achieve it. Walking across that stage is my bout one goal. Having the index to graduate with my friends comes from hardwork and dedication, but I know recieving that high school diploma is just the beginning of my career. Being recognized into the Art of Institute has brought me closer to achieving my goal. My number 1 goal is to own my on Bakery (Moonies Goodies).The institute would help me achieve the basic steps and take responsiblity on moving in the practiced direction of my career. Art Institute will help me reach my goal in becoming a Pastery chef. Attending this institiute will also give me a step closer to reaching my main goal in my life. I realize that choosing this college was the best college for me because my goal after high school was to attend a culinary college that will offer me the skil ls I need in business managment, which will bring me closer to owning my own bakery. After researching the Art of Institute online, I knew that the Art Institute will give me the guidance needed to set me on the right path for my goals.To be successful in the commitment to my schooling will require determination and taking on more responsibilitites in my life. I know that my participation is acquired and will be given. I am expression forward to meeting and making a connection with my instructors, whom will share in a vital part of my career goal achievements. Also, looking forward to working beside peers whom are excited about their goals, such as I. I will attend any event that is being offered by the institute. Goals are challenges and in order for one to be successful, one must achieve the goals that lies within you. Having the ability to train amongst peers, is a dream come true. Thankful that I was accepted into the Art of Institute.

Aldi Case Essay Example for Free

Aldi Case EssayAldis organized and simple tally chain allows for fast shipment. However, what makes Aldi unique is that while it carries a diverse set of 1,500 products, it does non comp ar to the number of products sold by Walmart at 125,000. T here(predicate)fore Aldi offers an pleasurable shopping experience for its customers. Customers do non feel all overwhelmed by all of the choices of products handle they may do at a Walmart insert. A major dissimilarity between the two companies is how fast they replenish their products. Walmart uses an extremely complex system that can create lag time in the supply chain.Also, Aldi strives on promoting its possess brand unlike its competitors. 95% of its soundlys are the Aldi brand. I conceptualize Aldi is different from its competitors because the company is foreign based and that it is a small format. In the New York measure article virtually why Aldi has succeeded in cities where Walmart has not it says a major reason is because of its small product line. A simple product line has allowed Aldi to be very profitable. Foc utilise on one genre of products to sell, Aldi can increase the quality of those products. The company does not spread itself out too thin and strives on brining the lowest best quality product to the shelves. )Why have they been so successful over the years? This should be from a consumer perspective. Different from 1 which is from the company perspective. What is the stimulate consumer need or perception that they fill in the marketplace. How do they compare to our biggest discounter in food, Walmart? I believe Aldi has become so successful over the years because the company strives on simplicity. Employees of Aldi understand consumer behavior very strong. They know consumers are lazy and want to be in and out of stores in the quick time possible.Therefore, Aldi management has created a shopping experience meant for the in and out shopper which has seen great positive affects. To be the most efficient store, Aldis do not accept checks or credit cards. There is no butcher or bakery, and fruit is sold in bags to speed checkout. Compared to Walmart, a store that offers a out-of-the-way(prenominal) less enjoyable consumer experience, Aldi strives to be different. Unlike Aldis, Walmart stores can sometimes be intimidating to consumers because of the vast array of product offerings. Consumers find shopping at Walmart to be difficult because there is not a lot of help and that the store is just too large.Aldis on the other hand, creates a much to a greater extent consumer friendly atmosphere by offering unless food and household items. Also when you walk into an Aldi store, you are immediately in a shopping aisle. The store is designed so consumers need to walk through every aisle creating more chances of incidental exposure. Aldi stores are not designed to style pretty. The only aim they offer to consumers is to help them find products that they need. 3)Af ter visiting our local Aldis store, why do you think this global powerhouse may struggle to do well in the US? What was your initial impression of the store?Who shops there? After visiting the store, I believe this global powerhouse may struggle in the US because the inside of the store is not very conducive to providing a great shopping experience. The aisles are messy and the products look as if they were pulled out from the pole of a truck. The store is dimly lit and seems almost dirty. When I walked into the store, I was originally taken back because I had a mindset that it was going to be very nice. However, I was wrong. I did not enjoy my surroundings and I did not believe that Aldi focuses on the high quality portion of their mission, but only the low cost.Also, the customers that Aldi attracts are lower class individuals. These people shop in bulk and are attracted to the store because of the low prices. They do not care about the sloppiness of the displays just that they c an get the lowest price. 4)Knowing what you do about admixture, what part of the ROA equation do you think they maximize? Explain. I believe Aldi maximizes the score assets part of the formula. Because the company strives on stocking it shelves with a limited number of products, their total assets are relatively low. This creates a higher ROA. Aldi has done a very good job at maximizing sales while controlling expenses.The higher the income and lower the total assets shows how well Aldi is producing earnings from its assets. 5)Now, talk to someone that has shopped at a Trader Joes, also owned by Aldi. Why do you think this similar strategy with a completely different execution (in store look and feel) might be more successful here in the US. Look at their US locations for Trader Joes. How can they continue to have limited assortment and yet cater to a more affluent target than Aldis stores? Based on the article you read, why do you think Trader Joes and Aldis are so secretive abou t their business?Many US businesses see it as PR if they are covered in the press, these entities feel this is unnecessary. What would you do if the head of marketing for the parent company, adapt to US marketing standards of transparency builds relationships or keep your image hidden and let your products, locations, etc speak for themselves? (Explain your rationale using marketing principles not just your opinion). I believe this similar strategy with a different execution of Trader Joes is more successful here because they are more aware of what American consumers want and how they shop.Trader Joes connects with its consumers on a more personal level. Their employees are friendly and their displays are unique, creating an general enjoyable shopping experience. I think Trader Joes is more successful because the company swaps selection for quality. Customers have begun to trust Trader Joes in that what ever is on their shelves is the best possible product. Aldi does not have this trust yet. With time, more and more customers will begin to trust the foreign company in that their offerings are of the best quality. Also, I believe Aldi needs to focus ore on creating nicer displays. Currently, these stores are very messy and this could be a reason consumers do not like shopping there. Trader Joes can target more affluent people by offering more unique products. Already it offers exotic, inexpensive luxuries and for it further differentiate itself from Aldi, Trader Joes should expand these types of products while cutting back on more common products they sell. Based on the article, I believe Aldis and Trader Joes are so secretive about how they run their individual businesses because they have been so successful.I believe they do not want larger stores such as Walmart and Target to figure out their key to success. Because Walmart and Target occupy a large sector of the market and are both extremely powerful, Aldi and Trader Joes do not want to be overtaken by th em. If I were head of marketing I would continue with guardianship the companies image hidden for a period of time. If this tactic was not working, I would soon then adapt to a more transparent company. US consumers like to hear from their favorite companies and they like to feel a connection to the upper levels of management, therefore companies who are more hidden from them may not fare as well.

Assessing the Effects of the Asteroid on Dinosaurs

Assessing the Effects of the Asteroid on DinosaursThe close to widely accepted cause for the extinction of non-avian dinosaurs, at the finis of the Cretaceous decimal point, is the angulate pertain. The theory suggests that the impact of a giant angular, over 65 million old age ago, wiped out(a) the land roaming dinosaurs that inhabited the Earth for the entirety of the Mesozoic period (Alvarez and Asaro, 1990). The impact of this giant angular had many catastrophic effects on tone, habitats, environments, sunlight, and temperature, proving to be devastating on the liveness of dinosaurs (Alvarez and Asaro, 1990). However, which of the impacts of this asteroid was most devastating to non-avian dinosaur life remains a question. An examination of several effects of the asteroid, will help us determine which factors proved to be most troublesome to dinosaurs, which effects could start been adapted and overcome, and which would pull out a critical peg in the nourishment cha in, thereby forcing the ecosystems stability to become unbalanced and dysfunctional. So, the asteroid at the end of the cretaceous period was destructive and disastrous, besides what factors make it so detrimental to dinosaurian life? rootagely, why is the asteroid the most widely accepted theory as the cause of the dinosaur extinction? What evidence do we rescue that pee-pees it convincing? The first piece of evidence that points towards an asteroid impact is the fossils of single-celled marine animals. Their fossil assemblage is fairly large, and their extinction appeared to be incredibly abrupt (Alvarez and Asaro,1990). This revelation is withal evident in medium sized animals, as their extinctions also appear to be unusu wholey abrupt (Alvarez and Asaro, 1990). This abruptness suggests a sudden catastrophic event to be the cause of the extinction, rather than a gradual decline. Coupled with this, through schooling of strata by Jan Smith and Isabella Premoli, we see that th e extinction could prolong been as short as 50-1000 years (Alvarez and Asaro, 1990). But why is the cause of this rapid change an asteroid? The answer is in iridium. Iridium is an element that is quite rare in the earths crust, however it is quite abundant in primitive stony meteorites. And upon studying the info from the quantify frame of the extinction, there appears to be drastically more iridium than in other time periods (Alvarez and Asaro, 1990). About 95 sites throughout the world have confirmed remarkably high trains of iridium in the limestone sediments from that period (Alvarez and Asaro, 1990). These elevated levels of iridium provide clear evidence for an extraterrestrial impact. The minerals apparent in this time frame are also indicative of an asteroid. Mineral spherules were found chemically altered in the KT boundary clay. These spherules started as basaltic rock (Alvarez, 1990). Now, an asteroid with this level of lethal power would most certainly leave its mark on the Earth. It is believed that this mark is the Chicxulub Crater in Mexico, a massive 180 km crater (Hildebrand, 1992). Knowing the magnitude of this mark will then help us determine what the effects were, and, ultimately, what were some of the most detrimental towards dinosaurian life.Before we assess the factors, however, we mustiness first confirm that dinosaurian life was not gradually declining, or in the process of extinction, in the beginning this abrupt impact. For, if dinosaurian life was already in the downswing, then the asteroid impact may be regarded as less important, less detrimental, and no longer synonymous with the extinction of dinosaurs. While some studies seem to suggest that dinosaurian life was in a decline during the late Cretaceous period, one study in particular seems to suggest otherwise. The article, Dinosaur Morphological Diversity and the end-Cretaceous extinction explains how, in most clades, the disparity remained relatively consistent during th e late Cretaceous (Brusatte, Butler, Preto-Marquez, Norell, 2012). It demonstrates how the carnivorous theropod, and small-medium sized, herbivorous dinosaur disparity was consistent throughout the period, showing no major changes in revolution (Brusatte et al. 2012). Also, the large sauropod dinosaurs without advanced chewing capabilities may have even seen an increase in disparity, while the ones with the advanced chewing abilities were showing a abate (Brusatte et al. 2012). This suggests more of an evolutionary change rather than a trend towards extinction. The studies from the Hell Creek Formation that seemed to represent a decline in dinosaurian diversity before the end of the Cretaceous, may, then be perceived as a unique, local anomaly, rather than a representation of orbiculate diversity (Brusatte et al. 2012). For, it appeared that the diversity of species could differ found on geographical location, and one data set would not be an accurate representation of the peri od as a whole (Brusatte et al. 2012). Thus, the study confirms that the discrepancy in dinosaurian morphology was, both clade and region specific (Brusatte et al. 2012), further exemplifying that the decline was not apparent throughout the globe. This information allows us to then make the assumption that dinosaurs were still, in fact, thriving at the time of the asteroid impact. Making the consequences that followed an unwarranted and unfair ending to a fascinating era in history.First consider the direct effects of the asteroid impact. The most immediate impacts of the asteroid would be devastating to the dinosaurs who found themselves unlucky enough to be near where it landed. An asteroid that was, theoretically, 10 km long, due to the kinetic energy, would throw an effusion 10,000 times that of the entire worlds supply of nuclear power (Alvarez and Asaro, 1990). The impact alone had the ability to create winds as fast as 1000 km/h near where the asteroid hit (Kring, 2007). Th is high wind speed would have the ability to create local fires, and wipe out vegetation and animal life in the area (Kring, 2007). These local fires had the energy to extend, likely, from 1500 km-4000 km from where the impact occurred (Kring, 2007). The mushroom cloud of this explosion would be approximately 10 kilometres high, have a temperature of up to 10 000 degrees Celsius, and would wipe out anything within sight of the fireball (Alvarez and Asaro, 1990) (Kring, 2007). It is also estimated that the dust in the air would be so dense that one would be unable to see their hand for several months after the explosion (Alvarez and Asaro, 1990). This dust would cause major respiratory problems for any dinosaur near the explosion, and would likely render them unable to breathe. However, the only problem wasnt airborne, it was in wet as well.Another detrimental effect created by the initial impact of the asteroid was tsunamis. Tsunamis enveloped the entire coastline of the Gulf of M exico, reaching North America in the process (Matsui et al., 2002). The tsunamis were truly massive, extending to a height of 200 m and stretching along 300 km of coastline (Matsui et al., 2002). The tsunamis would first collapse onto the coast, a distance of 150 m interior, before receding powerfully back to the water (Matsui et al., 2002). These tsunamis would be catastrophic to coastal vegetation and dinosaurian life however, the damage would have had more of a regional effect rather than a globular one. The tsunamis were also present for little more than a day, making it not a recurring, long-term issue, but a short-term effect (Kring, 2007). While most inland dinosaurs were likely spared from these tsunamis, they did not, however, find themselves in the clear.Plant life, the vegetation that allows animals to breathe, thrives on the process of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis, in turn, relies on sunlight. The significant levels of dust in the atmosphere would have spread rapidly throughout the planet, blocking out the sun, causing darkness and an impact winter (Alvarez and Asaro, 1990). This blocking of sunlight was predicted to have killed anywhere from 57-80% of North Americas vegetation (Archibald, 2012). This pattern of catastrophic massacre of vegetation would have been undoubtedly impactful on the herbivorous dinosaurs (Archibald, 2012). Especially, one might assume, large sauropods that required substantial levels of nutrients and energy to survive. And, according to the food chain, a loss of herbivorous dinosaurs would prove costly to the carnivorous theropods that fed on them. The dust from the impact also created atmospheric cooling, however, just how cold it made Earth is still in question (Kring, 2007). This surface cooling, however, didnt last long, and was eventually replaced by extreme temperature increases.These extreme temperature increases, once the dust subsided, were a government issue of the ozone expiry in the atmosphere. Ozone des troying Cl and Br can be produced from the vaporized projectile, vaporized target lithologies, and biomass burning (Kring, 2007), showing that lethal changes in nitrogen chemistry, created by the asteroid, leaked into the atmosphere. oer five times more chlorine that is required to destroy our current ozone layer was dispersed throughout the stratosphere at this time (Kring, 2007). A greenhouse float that we have become so acquainted with in todays society, was also working with the same diligence after the asteroid impact. Water and carbon dioxide were released after the impact of the asteroid, and once the dust watchd, the impact winter shifted into global warming (Alvarez and Asaro, 1990). Carbon dioxide would have lasted longer than the dust from the impact, so its association in this sequence of inbred disasters seems logically accurate (Kring, 2007). Based on evidence from carbon dioxide that was added to the atmosphere, it is projected that it would increase the global tem perature anywhere from 1-7.5 degrees Celsius (Kring, 2007). Despite this evidence, it is unclear how large of an impact this global warming had on the dinosaurs, for the destruction of vegetation caused by the dust in the atmosphere appears to be the driving force behind the extinction (Archibald, 2012). But was the sunlight blocking mechanism of the dust the only damage inflicted by the aerosols?Dust had the capability to attack in a vertical, gravity driven onslaught on the helpless dinosaurs. Evidence shows that the impact of the asteroid can create nitric venereal infection rain in the atmosphere (Kring, 2007). This savage rain would surely be devastating to any dinosaur that found itself under this caustic weather. It was even described as, an acid rain with a vengeance (Alvarez and Asaro, 1990), only reiterating the devastating effect the acid rain could have produced. Now, this acid rain may have not lasted long, for it is predicted that it only fell anywhere from a couple months to a few years (Kring, 2007). Nitric acid was not alone in its onslaught. It is believed it was coupled with sulfuric acid rain (Kring, 2007). The sulfuric acid rain emerged as nitric acids collaborator because the Chicxulub region was abundant in anhydrite (Kring, 2007). This deadly combination certainly sounds imposing, but much like the global warming, the magnitude of its impact on the non-avian dinosaur extinction is questionable. This is because acid rain is generally most effective against aquatic organisms, but aquatic organisms survived quite well through the K/T boundary (Archibald, 2012). Their survival of the fittest serves to subside the effectiveness of the acid rain. This is not to say that the acid rain was underwhelming, though, only that it was limited in its ability to cause a major extinction.One result of the impact that contributed to the dust was global wildfires. The severity, location, and longevity of these fires is, however, uncertain (Kring, 200 7). The global abundance of soot suggests that the fires were almost everywhere. However, soot has the ability to travel through air, enabling it to settle in the ground where there wasnt a fire (Kring, 2007). Some model calculations also seem to suggest that the temperatures on the surface of the earth may have been hot enough to spark into a fire almost randomly (Kring, 2007). Our ability to predict the vastness of the global fires relies on our understanding of the mass of the ejecta, how considerably the vegetation lights, and the rate in which it can spread (Kring, 2007). Depending on these factors, the wildfires may have been limited to more of a local fire, rather than a global one (Kring, 2007). The speculation surrounding the impact of global wildfires appears to be unpredictable and baseless, including the prediction of it destroying 25% of all biomass (Archibald, 2012). Overall, it seems the lack of evidence found in the negligible amounts of charcoal, and a limited fos sil record, outweigh the theories of a devastating global wildfire (Archibald, 2012). These sources display that a wildfire was almost certainly local, but unlikely to be global.With all of these factors, now compiled, that followed the asteroids impact, can we come to a claim as to which was the most destructive? The dinosaurs extinction most certainly hinged on several factors, however, it appears that one in particular proved to be the most effective. The factor that most sufficiently damaged the survival of the thriving dinosaurians was, through the evidence above, the dust and aerosols that served to block out the sunlight. The loss of vegetation, sunlight, and heat directly drilled a fatal hole in the food chain. Losing vegetation, then herbivores, then carnivores, appeared to not only cause the ecosystem to dwindle, but caused it to be rid from non-avian dinosaurian life. The impact itself was an imposing warning, the dust was the main force of destruction, and the acid rain, global warming, wildfires, and loss of ozone were supplementary, inconclusive forces.Although this unimaginable series of events is approached with mostly scientific fascination and curiosity, and perhaps melancholy for the loss of dinosaurs, it could also be viewed as a notable and necessary precursor to the introduction of other lifeforms on Earth. For, without this dinosaur extinction, the little mammals that occupied the earth would be restricted in their evolution, ruled over, and unable to transition into vast abundance (Alvarez and Asaro, 1990). Highly intelligent humans stemmed from the survival of these mammals, and, in turn, stemmed from the impact of that fatal asteroid 65 million years ago.List of Works CitedAlvarez, W., Asaro, F. (1990). An extraterrestrial impact. Scientific American, 263(4), 78-84.Brusatte, S. L., Butler, R. J., Prieto-Mrquez, A., Norell, M. A. (2012). Dinosaur morphological diversity and the end-Cretaceous extinction. record Communications, 3, 8 04.Silver, L. T., Schultz, P. H. (Eds.). (1983). Geological implications of impacts of large asteroids and comets on the Earth (Vol. 190). Geological Society of America.Archibald, J. D. (2012). Dinosaur extinction Past and present perceptions. The Complete Dinosaur, 1027-1038.Kring, D. A. (2007). The Chicxulub impact event and its environmental consequences at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 255(1), 4-21.Matsui, T., Imamura, F., Tajika, E., Nakano, Y., Fujisawa, Y. (2002). propagation and propagation of a tsunami from the Cretaceous-Tertiary impact event. SPECIAL PAPERS-GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA, 69-78.

Effect of the Roman Invasion on Religion

Effect of the Roman Invasion on ReligionThe Gaelic Christianity.Christianity probably came to Britain with the Roman legions, the spread of the religious belief being certainly helped by the infrastructure of the Roman conglomerate, resulting in the gradual conversion of the various Gaelic people to the Christian faith. Thus a bullocky and lively Gaelic perform existed in Britain and Ireland before the Germanic invasions took place. We know that in that location were British bishops at church councils at Arles, 314 AD, and Rimini, 359 AD. There are records of the martyrdoms of Alban, Julius and Aaron. such(prenominal) great numbers of Celts were converted that to be British and Celtic meant to be Christian. After the legions left there appear to have been many 150 old age of war furtheste in Britain between the invading Anglo-Saxons and the accredited Celtic inhabitants. So when Augustine came from Rome in 596 he came into the conflict between the Anglo-Saxon conquerors a nd an indigenous church among a persecuted people. literally from the siteThe Celtic Christianity is the first form of Christianity that has been practiced in England and Ireland. (around 400 AD) In the 4th vitamin C, it really established itself by mixing the sign Celtic features with the religion. Once the Romans withdrew themselves, the Roman and Celtic Christianity started to evolve antitheticly. In the 5th and sixth century a lot of Celts were converted because of missionaries. In Ireland, the Celtic Christianity is characterized by its cloisters.Celtic Christianity is the earliest form of Christianity in groovy Britain and Ireland. Christianity reached Britain in the 2nd century, during the Roman occupation. It was not until the second half of the 4th century that the characteristic Celtic elements were mixed properly with the rest of the church. After the Romans had withdrawn from Britain, the Roman and Celtic Christianity had been apart for almost 200 years and had the o pportunity to develop separately. The 5th and 6th century were marked by widespread conversions by the arrival of many missionaries. Ireland developed a church structure which was entirely based on monasteries. Because there existed no central authority of the Celtic church, there were many variations occurring in monastic rules and the rules of the liturgy. The Roman and the Celtic church met again in 597, when Augustine of Canterbury led a delegation of clergies to Britain. This meeting showed that there were many differences between the views of the two movements. The big difference between the Roman Catholic and Celtic Christianity led to the Synod of Whitby in 664. The decisions that were taken, were mischievous to the Celts. The Irish monastic rules were replaced with the rules of the Benedictines and strict adherence to Catholic doctrine was enforced. The decree of Whitby had no immediate effect. Especially Devon, Cornwall and Scotland continued to protest against the new form of Christianity. This resulted in the presence of a Celtic monastery on Iona (Scotland) until the 13th century, which then was replaced by a Benedictine abbey. However, Christianity in Britain began to adapt increasingly to the Roman Catholicism. Despite this, Celtic Christianity was passed on orally and there have always remained elements of the former belief in British and Irish churches. After the Reformation of the 16th century the Celtic tradition got offered more than and more resistance. Reading the prayers out loud was discouraged and even forbidden, because it was thought that this was a pagan and polytheistic origin. In Scotland a combination of religious persecution and the highland clearances led to the weakening of the Celtic culture. But even this did not lead to the end of the Celtic Christianity. In the early 20th century Celtic prayers were collected in Gaelic and written d make due to a resurgence of interest in Celtic literature. Partly because of this ther e was a growing interest in Celtic Christianity. People protested less against the tradition of pagan elements and more people began to appreciate the religion. Instead of eliminating the ancient Celtic symbols from the religious life, the Christian missionaries took over many customs of the pagan faith. Some of these traditions are still clearly seen in the Christian faith, and not just in Great Britain and Ireland. The old gods were largely held in honour, only now they were depicted as saints. The most famous example is Brighid, who became a saint with the same name afterwards the arrival of Christianity. Jesus, the password of God, took the place of the sun god Lugh. His symbol, the cross, was added to the solar disk and so was the symbol that we know today as the Celtic cross Iona. many a(prenominal) sacred sites were converted to Christian places of significance. Lindisfarne, for example, was a place where the Celts worshiped their gods in the open air. On the island a ch urch was built which became important later. The belief in the Otherworld, ensured that in almost the whole Christian world, the contact between people did not revert after death, further continued in the form of prayers and thoughts. But of crease there also are differences between the Celtic Christianity and Roman Catholicism. The Celtic Christian religion is based on smaller groups of believers than the Roman Catholics, who interpret their admit religion. This is partly because of the division of Celtic society the importance of a family or clan was much larger than the importance of a country or a king. Another reason is that they dont care that much about exact rules but want to confess their faith in their own way.The fact that Celtic Christianity is variant to Roman Catholicism in several ways, is largely due to the language barrier and the remoteness of the area. One of the most known differences with the Roman Catholicism is the finale of the date of Easter. There ar e several ways to do this, and those ways have changed and refined through the centuries. After the establishment of the Celtic Church, there was a time where there was relatively little contact with the rest of Europe and when that contact was renewed, it appeared that the Roman Catholic Church had adopted a different system. several(prenominal) Celtic parishes practiced this system, while others maintained the old system. There is a striking difference in the conception of the original sin. The Catholic saint Augustine argued that the original sin was caused by Adam and Eve eating the forbidden fruit in Paradise, and that this sin was transmitted to their offspring and therefore all people. To get loose of the original sin, people had to live by the Bible and fulfil Gods will. The Celtic monk Pelagius, however, claimed that this original sin did not exist and that a good and innocent life would be enough to go to heaven. A final difference is the experience of God by the Celtic Christians. According to them, God is not set-apart from his creation and the major example of this is Jesus. Believers see the universe as a body, from which God is the head, and the cosmos the body. The cosmos can perform Gods will, just exchangeable the whizz tells the fingers what to do. The head joins in the sorrow and the joy of the body. God is also seen as hermaphrodite both male and female, while Roman Catholicism portrays God as male. That the Catholic doctrine does this, can be explained by the concept of the original sin. Eve, Adams wife, was the first who tasted of the apple and she was the atomic number 53 who encouraged him to eat of the fruit. As Adam didnt snitch the apple himself, but this was encouraged by Eve, she was more sinful than her husband. Partly because of this idea, the role of the woman in the church was un stony-broken small. She couldnt fulfil sacred tasks like priests and bishops did. The attitude of the Celtic Christianity was much milder t owards women, such as that Irish women could be priests and there was no celibacy. Shortly after the ingestion of Ireland in 1172 the Irish Celtic church was placed under the Roman church and from then there were only men who performed the sacred tasks. The celibacy was introduced shortly after.Constantine I (the Great).Constantine the Great was the son of Constantius Chlorus and Helena, and was a Roman emperor from 306 until his death in 337 AD. He is best known for being the first Christian Roman emperor. He issued the Edict of Milan (313), which announced religious acceptation throughout the empire. As the heir when his father died, he soon took possession of Gaul, Spain and Britain. After close to victories over Maxentius he also became the get over of Italy. In 323 he killed his opponent Linius in battle, and became sole lord of the whole Roman World.A lot of books have been written about the subject. An example of one of those is Constantine, the Miracle of the Flaming Cros s by Frank G. Slaughter. According to the stories, Constantine saw a cross in the sky the night before his battle with Maxentius. Accompanied with it were the lines By this thou shalt conquer. Along with the supports of his mother Helena, this should have inspired Constantine to be converted to the Christian belief. The miracle has been defended by several Roman-Catholic historians, but it cannot stand the test of critical examination. It is feasible that Constantine has seen something in the skies Constantine was convinced Christianity was on the rise but his conversion was more a change of policy than of character. He retained the office and title of Pontifex Maximus until the in truth last, a title which nowadays is reserved for the pope as it is represents the highest position in the Church. Furthermore, he wasnt baptised until he matte up he was about to die. This of flow so that if there were a Heaven, he would go there, but he didnt have to live a purely Christian life b efore that. Constantine kept Pagans in the highest positions in his surroundings, and forbade everything which might appear to be an attack of Christianity against Paganism. This is an example of the religious toleration in the Roman empire.Constantine III (usurper) and the end of the Roman curb in Britain.Flavius Claudius Constantinus (Constantine the third), is in Britain also known as Constantine II. He declared himself emperor of the Western Roman Empire in 407 AD and abdicated in 411. On the 31st of December 406 AD, Barbarian invaders attacked the Western Roman Empire near the Rhine. Along with the disunity of the Roman Empire and the tensions around Gaul, this was one of the factors that caused the Roman Western Empire to waver. At the same moment, the provinces in Britain were in revolt, which resulted in the rise of Constantine. Constantine crossed the English Channel, and assumingly took with him all of the British mobile troops. After several battles with Sarus, he secure d the Rhine frontier and positioned his troops on the passes that led from Gaul into Italy. Constantines movement to Gaul in 407 AD is often referred to as the Roman evacuation of Britain. The current Emperor Honorius in Ravenna (Italy) was having great difficulties maintaining his position. Mutinies from the Roman Army and the abandonment of the western army left Honorius with no significant military power. So when Constantine arrived in Ravenna to negotiate in 409 AD, Honorius eagerly accepted Constantine as his co-emperor. However, Constantines success didnt last long. Later that year, the Barbarian invaders that had attacked before near the Rhine, reached Constantines garrisons near Gaul, broke through them and reached the Pyrenees. Meanwhile, general Gerontius rebelled and arrived in Hispania. Constantine was so booked by these invasions, that he could not defend Britain against the Saxon pirates since he didnt have any troops to spare. The Roman inhabitants of Britain, upset that Constantine could no longer defend them, rebelled and expelled his officers. This is the defined end of the Roman rule over Britain. Roman Britain split into separate kingdoms but the Romano-Celts continued to fight the Saxon raiders.Roman civilisation slowly broke down Roman towns continued to be inhabited until the mid-5th century, but then most were abandoned. In the 5th century Roman civilisation in the countryside lessened away.Julian the Apostate.Flavius Claudius Julianus, also known as Julian the Apostate, was the last ruler of the Constantinian Dynasty, as well as the last non-Christian Roman Emperor. His goal was to bring sustain the ancient Roman values in the Empire. Julian was the half-brother of Constantine I. He was a successful army leader, even though he had received no military education whatsoever. With the deaths of Constantine I, Constantine II and Constans, Constantius II was left the sole remaining emperor of the Roman Empire. In 355 AD, Julian was mad e Caesar of the west, as Constantius II entangle he needed a permanent representative in Gaul. However, Julian did not agree with the role Constantius had in mind for him. Constantius had thought of Julian more as a figurehead sort of than an active ruler, but Julian took every opportunity to participate in the events in Gaul. Constantius attempted to keep some keep back over Julian, by removing one of Julians important advisors Salutius. This was the beginning of a series of struggles between Constantius and Julian. It almost resulted in a civil war, which was only avoided by the death of Constantius in 361. Constantius II recognized Julian as his rightful successor in his last will.Julians last Christian deed was the burial of Constantius in the Church of Apostles, next to Constantine I. Julians personal belief was both pagan and philosophical. Though he received a Christian upbringing, Julian preferable the ancient gods with their leader Zeus above the Christian monotheistic view. Once he became the sole emperor, Julian started a religious reformation. He approved the tax return of Hellenic paganism above Christianity as the state religion. His laws were targeted at the wealthy and educated Christians. He did not aim on destroying Christianity as a whole, but tried to drive it out of the classes that came into contact with governing the empire. He restored pagan temples, removed some of the privileges Christian bishops had received from Constantine and reversed many more favors.On the 4th of February 362 AD, Julian declared another edict. This edict was supposed to guarantee freedom of religion. All religions were equal before the law, and the Roman State was not allowed to tighten up a particular religion. This might not seem to be a direct attack against Christianity, but its purpose was to restore and increase the toleration of paganism.Since the past had learned that the persecution of Christians only led to a strengthening Christianity, most of J ulians actions were intended to unable Christians to organize any resistance against the re-establishment of paganism.In the School Edict, Julian demanded that all public teachers were to be approved by the emperor. This would enable Julian to prevent that Christian teachers could use pagan texts for reading purposes rather than studying the religion. In the Tolerance edict (362) Julian ordered the reopening of some pagan temples, the redeeming of temple properties and so on. Remarkably, Julian also ordered a Jewish temple to be rebuild, probably as an attempt to foster any religion but Christianity. However, the rebuilding failed. This has been prescribed to the Galilee Earthquake of 363, but some Christians say it was divine intervention.Julian wanted to make sure that he could count on the support of the entire Roman Empire. To gain this support, he felt that he had to prove himself, and he thought the Persian Campaign was the perfect occasion to do this. However, things did not go as he pictured it, and he had to withdraw his forces. During the withdrawal, Julians forces were attacked several times by Sassanid forces. In one of these attacks on the 26th of June 363, Julian was wounded. He was treated by his personal physician, but on the third day he died as a result of his injuries. Some historians claimed Julian was killed by a Christian saint, while others reported that one of his own men, a Christian soldier, had thrown the spear that ultimately resulted in Julians death. It is said that Julians last words were Vicisti, Galilaee (You have won, Galilean), supposedly expressing his recognition that, with his death, Christianity would pass away the Empires state religion.Was Julian right with his prediction?We can say Julian was right. As from Jovian, Christianity remained the dominant religion in the empire. Jovian was Julians successor. He was one of Julians guard, and though his election was surprising, he had a great diverge on the re-establishment of Christianity. Although his reign only lasted 8 months, he revoked all the edicts Julian had issued against Christianity. However, he did not stop there. By September 363, the situation in the empire had totally changed One could receive the death penalty for worshipping the ancestral gods, and later for participating in each public or private pagan ceremonies. Jovians successor Valentinian is often considered to be the last great emperor. He was the last emperor to have total control over the empire, and according to historians there has been a visible period of improvement under his reign. Valentinian was only slightly more tolerant against other religions, allowing just a few types of rituals, but prohibiting the practicing of magic.Importance of Roman Emperors and division within ChristianityThough Britain was one of the farthest provinces of the Roman Empire, the Roman rule had a great influence on life in Britain. All the Edicts issued by the emperors were of course to be a pplied in Britain. Great Britain originally can be seen as a mainly pagan country, but in time this changed. Not only did this happen because of the Irish missionaries, but as well because of the attitude of the emperor. If the emperor was a strict Christian, there was a big chance that people converted themselves to Christianity. This was especially the case under the rule of Jovian and Valentinian, who were strong opponents of Paganism. Because Britain was so far away from the rest of the Roman Empire, Christianity had the possibility to develop itself differently here than in the rest of Europe. This resulted in the Celtic Christianity. This differed from the Roman Christianity in a few ways, such as the calculation of Eastern and the penitentials. There were more forms of Christianity that have been practiced over time. It was not anything extraordinary if the two sons of an emperor had a different belief. This was the case with the sons of Constantine the Great (see figure 1) a nd in a intensified way with Julian who was a pagan, and his brothers who were Christians. This made it possible that though both emperors or groups of people were Christian, they fought each other and tried to convert other to their particular form of Christianity. Some examples of oppositions were Catholicism vs. The Orthodox Church, (Semi-)Arianism vs Nicene Creed and so on.

Essay --

In the United States there has been a big increase in obesity in the last 50 years. There has been much argument on who is to blame for the increase of obesity people or fast food restaurants. Many think that it is the fast food companies fault but they be mistaking the only person to blame is people themselves not McDonalds, Burger King, KFC, etc. throng take advantage of the privilege of fast food to the point that they stackt take responsibility for their own actions so they expect to blame everyone else but themselves. If people would control themselves, stop being lazy, and have more responsible parents there would be much less obesity.People need to start taking responsibility for their own actions and stop blaming fast food for their obesity. People have free will no one is forcing them to eat a big greasy burger from the fast foods restaurant with large fries and a large soda. People choose to eat that no one puts a gun to their head and forces them to make a purchase o f an unhealthy meal. They buy it at their own bump knowing what can come from eating fast food all the...

Physical, Emotional and Social Impairment Caused by Marijuana :: Use of Marijuana Essays

Marijuana is a unique and controversial drug. It is a popular psychoactive drug that is easily accessible and relatively inexpensive. Marijuana is often considered a recreational drug despite its illegal status. It is illegal because there argon many uncertainties surrounding this substance. In fact, some favor the use of marijuana for healthful purposes while others oppose. Opponents of marijuana insist that legal approval will result in serious personal and social problems. There are three species of Marijuana. The around common and around psychoactive is a prepared mixture of the hemp plant, Cannabis sativa. Cannabis indica is known to be less potent and Cannabis ruderalis has to the highest degree no psychoactive ingredients. Cannabis sativa will be analyzed in detail since it is the most commonly used species. This plant grows wild but it lav be cultivated in temperate as well as tropical areas. Cannabis products preserve be slugd in pipes or cigarettes. They can also b e ingested with food. Manufactured products range from paper to ink (WWW 2). Every plant varies slightly in composition and the different parts of the plant straggle in chemical constituents. In 1993 researchers discovered 400 to 500 chemicals. Some of the major types of chemical constituents in marijuana preparations include acids, alcohols, aldehydes, and amino acids. Cannabinoids, esters, enzymes, glycoproteins, hydrocarbons, ketones, lactones, nitrogenous compounds, phenols, pigments, proteins, sugars, steroids, terpenes, and vitamins are others (Carroll 1993). These are among some of the naturally occurring chemicals in marijuana and were derived from the Institute of Medicine and the Marijuana Project from the University of Mississippi. Furthermore, researchers have found that when cannabis is burned, additional chemicals are make and may be found in the gas and smoke. One of the chemicals produced is benzopyrene, which is a known carcinogen. It is approximately 70% more ab undant in marijuana smoke than in tobacco smoke (Carroll 1993). Only about 30 of the chemicals in marijuana have been studied extensively for their psychoactive effects. Of these delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is known to be the most psychoactive chemical. This chemical is converted into over 60 other psychoactive metabolites by the liver (Carroll 1993). These chemical reactions, however, have either proved insignificant or not enough research has been conducted to prove their importance. Researchers have been mostly concerned with the interaction of THC in the human trunk. THC concentration in the human body depends on many factors. First of all, THC concentration varies throughout the plant.