Parallel Experiences of Three Troubled Women in Cunninghams, The Hours

Parallel Experiences of Three Troubled Women in Cunningham's, The Hours According to Chronicles magazine, "Woolf was undeniably a brilliant writer." Woolf's work of Mrs. Dalloway was read by fifteen-year-old Michael Cunningham in order to impress an older girl in school. As he stated, "the book really knocked me out." Once older, Cunningham wanted to write about Mrs. Dalloway, but thought not too many people would want to read a book about reading a book. He then thought he might want to read a book about reading the right book. Hence, The Hours was written. Cunningham would incorporate Mrs. Dalloway into "a book about reading a book." The Hours weaves through three woman's lives. As the novel unfolds, it shows that these three women are related by parallel experiences. The first narrative is Virginia Woolf, the famous author. She is one of the main women in this complex story. Woolf has a troublesome life. She has multiple thoughts of suicide and death. She is anorexic and caught in a marriage that is doomed. The first chapter by Cunningham tells of Woolf's suicide drowning in 1941. Cunningham tells of the demons within Woolf's head and the consequently her fatal death from listening to these voices. The novel then moves to the stories of two modern American women who are trying to make rewarding lives for themselves. Laura Brown is a fragile middleclass housewife and mother in 1951. She lives a miserable life trying to play the model suburban housewife. Throughout The Hours, Laura is reading Mrs. Dalloway, which is Virginia's novel. Her obvious mental illness doesn't allow her to always connect and understand her environment. Situations that seem simple to the average person, such as making a cake, are beyond difficu... ...fter reading the story and watching it, I still have difficulty interrupting it. Yet, by looking at the ambiguities, gaps and strategically placed metaphors I can understand it better. Cunningham does a good job of tying these three stories together into a novel about reading a book. I would highly recommend this book to the advanced reader. Works Cited Axemaker, Sean. "Driven to Live." Rev. of The Hours, by Michael Cunningham. Eugene Weekly: 23 Jan. 2003 "Be Afraid of Virginia Woolf." Chronicles: March 2003. Cunningham, Michael. The Hours. New York: Picador USA, 1998. Doig, Will. "Man of The Hours: Michael Cunningham's Unlikely Runaway Smash." Metro Weekly 23 Jan. 2003. Merriam-Webster. Webster's New American Dictionary. New York: Smithmark, 1995. Sipiora, Phillip. Reading and Writing about Literature. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, 2002.

Essay --

Pros and Cons on Medical Marijuana Medical marijuana is referred to parts of herb cannabis that is used as a form of medicine or herbal therapy. These parts contain the compounds that produce the mild altering effect that recreational users seek when smoking or ingesting the plant. Researches have shown that it is able to provide chronic pain relief. Marijuana has been used as a folk or traditional remedy for a variety of health conditions for many of years. Medical marijuana is a management tool that can reduce patient’s pain and improve quality of life, without the same serious side effects associated with use of pharmaceutical pain relievers. Proponents agree that medical marijuana can be a safe and effective treatment for the symptoms of cancer, Aids, MS, glaucoma, and other conditions. Marijuana legalization boosted the economy such as reducing marijuana prices, saving huge prison cost, and many more. Some scientist feel that more research have shown that cannabinoids is useful in treating multiple sclerosis. Marijuana may protect nerves from the kind of damage that occurs during the disease. People believe that marijuana is less toxic than many drugs that physicians prescribe every day. The primary reasons people support marijuana is because they believe marijuana is no more harmful to a person’s health than alcohol or tobacco, legalizing marijuana in more states would end certain criminal behavior, and marijuana is one of Americas top selling agricultural products. Also, marijuana can be a rich new source of tax revenues nationwide which can help lift the U.S economy out of a recession and money would be saved annually in government spending on enforcement, including for the FBI. Supporters believe ... ...to qualify for medical marijuana prescriptions, while other states accept registry ID cards from any state. In 2012, more than 740, 000 people were arrested in the United States for marijuana related offenses. Many physicians believe that marijuana is the best available treatment for some of their patients because marijuana produces no unacceptable risks to the users or the community. Medical marijuana is a valid choice for those in real need but although marijuana may serve a beneficial function for people. Medical Marijuana is a valid choice for those in real need but although marijuana may serve a beneficial function for people with certain health conditions, marijuana is not a beneficial drug for anyone who does not explicitly require it for symptoms relief. Medical marijuana can help some people but that does that make marijuana a good idea for all people.

Costing And Activity Based Costing Accounting Essay

This assignment are knowing a batch of information about Traditional bing method and Activity based costing and besides alterations of direction accounting. The treatment will be divided into two portion, which are first portion calculated traditional costing method and activity based bing from the information that given. After that pupil need give definition, advantages, disadvantages and differences. of both traditional costing method and activity- based costing, First discuss about of Scooter Driver based on the issues raised by each of the managers. The 2nd portion will be discourse the coursework pupil have to give the alterations of direction accounting over the past decennaries and besides the impact of the alterations in direction accounting. Current Method Production Cost Per Unit Net income(Entire 4 180 000 2.0 Activity-Based Costing Method 2.1 Production Cost Per Unit+2.2 Net income–Entire 4 180 000Traditional costing methodTo: Director of ScooterDriver From: Management Accountant Rhenium: Measure the Absorption Costing and Activity- based costing The traditional method refers to the allotment of fabricating overhead costs to the merchandises manufactured ( Hansen, Mowen, 2006 ) . The traditional method besides known as the conventional method assigns or allocates the mill ‘s indirect cost to the points manufactured on the footing of volume such as the figure of units produced, the direct labor hours, or the production of machine hours ( Huntzinger, 2007 ) . The traditional costing system merely has one or a few indirect cost for each section or whole works nevertheless the application of cost in the traditional costing system is usually based on an indirect cost driver cost applications are frequently financially ( Drury, 2007 ) . The traditional attack to bing of merchandises basically utilities a system whereby the entire cost to bring forth a figure of merchandises are divided between the assorted merchandises by doing usage of the traditional costing system, it therefore means that all the cost incurred have to be allocated to one or other merchandises ( Coombs, Hobbs, Jenkins, 2005 ) . Besides, traditional costing system tend to utilize a smaller figure of 2nd phase allotment bases, typically direct labor or machine hours and often the traditional system presume that direct labourhave a important influnces in the long term on the degree of overhead outgo ( Drury, 2004 ) . Traditional costing system besides use indirect cost to merchandises based on a predetermined operating expense rate, to boot the traditional costing is optimum when indirect cost are low compared to direct costs and there are several stairss in the traditional costing procedure ( Bhimani, 2006 ) . The job with this attack is that for most overhead activities, the proportions of the activity really consumed by a specific merchandise, does non cosmopolitan correspond with a individual cost driver and this holds true for most modern companies where merchandises are produced by a combination of work force and engineering ( Horngren, 2007 ) . The traditional cost accounting theoretical account employs a volume-based driver, such as a direct labor hours or machine hours for the assignment of all fabricating overhead cost therefore the conventional cost accounting theoretical accounts ends up with a cost of goods sold based on soaking up costing and includes merely merchandises costs are defined in fiscal accounting ( Jiambalvo, 2009 ) .Activity Based CostingABC ( Activity Based Costing ) is a system that attempts to accurately follow indirect costs to merchandises by apportioning indirect costs to activities and so to merchandises based on their use of the activities ( Drury 2004 ) . ABC is optimum when truth is really of import and when indirect costs comprise a big proportion of entire costs compared to direct costs and ABC is besides normally used in the fabrication sector ( Finkler, 2003 ) . ABC is so utile for the fabrication sector is reasonably obvious, by apportioning indirect costs to merchandises based on use, a company can more accurately see where the resources and energy is traveling in their company. ( R. Hansen, M. Mowen, Guan, 2007 ) . It will calculating out where the money and energy is traveling, attempts can be focused upon those merchandises that are eating up the most clip and energy and this finally lead to a bead in cost, in theory, as attempts will be made to cut down the costs on the majority of the merchandises. ( Hansen, M.Mowen, Guan, 2007 ) . Activity based costing system besides used to find merchandise costs for particular direction studies ( Weetman, 2006 ) . This system is normally used as a addendum to the company ‘s usual costing system. Most organisations that use ABC systems have two bing systems are known as the functionary bing system that is used for fixing external fiscal studies and the activity based bing system that is used for internal determination devising and for pull offing activities. ( Drury, 2004 ) . ABC systems differ from traditional system by holding a greater figure of centres in the first phase and a greater figure, and assortment, of cost drivers or allotment bases in the 2nd phase ( Drury, 2004 ) . Activity based costing ( ABC ) was developed to get the better of the defects of the traditional method. Alternatively of merely one cost driver such as machine hours, ABC will utilize many cost drivers to apportion a maker ‘s indirect costs. ( Weerman, 2006 ) .Differences between ABC and traditional costing methodTraditional cost accounting system and ABC have some similarities, for case both have two phases whereby resources costs are pooled before being assigned to be objects. The first phase pools indirect costs in production cost centres ( in convention system ) or in activity centres in ( ABC system ) ( Narayanaswamy, 2008 ) . The 2nd phase allocates operating expenses to be objects utilizing volume realated bases direct labor hours, direct labor cost or machine hour s or a mixture of both volume and non-volume related bases in ABC system ( Narayanawamy, 2008 ) . However, despite these similarities several characteristics differentiate the two system, foremost in traditional costing system merely fabricating operating expenses usually allocated to be objects, whereas fabrication and non-manufacturing operating expenses are assigned in ABC system ( Bierman Jr,2010 ) . Another, an ABC system normally has well more cost pools ( based on activity centres ) than a traditional system ( based on production sections ) ( Banjerjee,2007 ) . Furthermore ABC uses more sophisticated and complex allotment bases, peculiarly during the 2nd phase of following costs to merchandises. ABC advocates argue that these differences make ABC system superior as the provide directors with more dependable information about merchandise costs ( Bierman, Jr.,2010 ) . Traditional cost accounting pattern are accused of often overrating the cost of high volume merchandises and undervaluing those of low volume 1s, epically when operating expense are less related to volume ( innes and Mitchell, 1998 ) . In contrast to traditional cost accounting system, ABC system are non inherently constrained by the dogmas of fiscal describing demand instead, ABC system have the built-in flexibleness to supply particular studies to ease direction determination sing the cost of activities undertaken to plan, bring forth, sell, and present a company ‘s merchandises or services ( Patra, 2006 ) . This flexibleness is the fact that ABC system focal point on roll uping costs via several cardinal activities, whereas traditional cost allotment focuses on roll uping costs via organisational units ( Needles, Powers, Crosson, 2006 ) . By concentrating on specific activities, ABC systems provide superior cost allotment information, non-volume-based cost drivers cause epically when cost. Even so, traditional cost accounting system will go on to be used to fulfill conventional fiscal coverage demand, ABC system will go on addendum, instead than replace, traditional cost accounting system ( Ramchandran 200 7 ) . Finally, traditional coasting and ABC can differences by costs associated with a merchandise can be categorized as a direct costs and indirect costs ( Drury,2007 ) . Direct cost, is the cost which can be identified with the merchandise, while indirect cost are non straight accountable to a cost object for illustration cost of stuffs, direct labor cost such as rewards and wages are illustration of direct cost ( Ryan,2004 ) . Administrative costs and depreciation are some of the illustrations of indirect cost the ground to placing entire cost of a merchandise are really of import to find the merchandising priceof that merchandise ( Stolowy, 2006 ) .Deduction of activity-based costing for ScooterDriverThe remark by the finance manager is differing because Fireball is doing profitable with the bing system but unprofitable with the ABC system. The two systems can hold major impact on overall net incomes. The intent for the differences in merchandise net income is that Fireball has the low er volume but it makes the higher comparative demand on the three activities identified by the ABC system, because Fireball uses a lower proportion of direct labor hours than the other merchandises and the bing system allocates a lower portion of operating expenses to Fireball. The selling manager argues that incremental costs are required for the pricing determination. Consequently disagree with this because, its of import to separate between short term and long-run incremental costs. ABC seeks to describe long-run incremental cost chances will be lost to cut down capacity and the long-run incremental costs will stay unchanged. ABC distinguishes that longer term incremental costs can be reduced by doing determination that guarantee that activities should be undertaken merely where incremental grosss exceed long term incremental costs. It is of import that facility-sustaining costs are omitted from the costs reported by the ABC system since they are neither short-run nor long-run incremental costs. Agree with the pull offing manager determination that the cost per activity should non stay changeless over the long term. Attempts should be made to cut down the costs of activities and better the efficiency. Therefore ABC reported costs should be made evaluated and adjusted at periodic intervals. There are besides some costs such as installation sustaining costs do non alter with activity and are non variable with any activities step. For illustration it could be costs excluded from the reported individually as installation sustaining costs. The president is true about the profitableness analysis based on keeping the same merchandise mix will give the same entire net incomes. However, different net incomes or loses are reported by merchandises and doing future determinations on the footing of ABC information compared with the bing system. Therefore have an impact on entire future net incomes such as, presuming that the costs reported by the ABC system are all based on cause and consequence relationship so a determination may be made to stop production of Fireball. This will non apparent in bing method but still, it is an of import that determination should non be based entirely on fiscal factors and non-financial factors should besides be taken into history.Question 2Changes and impact information engineeringThere a batch alterations information engineering ( IT ) make in our day-to-day concern environments. Most of them can be filed under the wide header of engineering such as the alterations that occurred in industrial harnessing of electricity. Not merely did workss and mills running off the recent power develop, full town substructures were changed to suit. Furthermore the available hours besides makes alterations and some companies began runing all 24 hours each twenty-four hours with third-shift workers. Besides, power lines became planetary throughout the state, as did telephone lines. Even today, these are considered indispensable pieces when equiping a proper office edifice and most concern inventions in the twentieth century involved plugging devices into walls electrical or telephone mercantile establishments but the twenty-first century has seen brooding accent on radio capablenesss. During the past decennaries the usage of information engineering ( IT ) to back up concern activities has increased dramatically and development of electronic concern communicating engineerings known as e-business, e-commerce or Internet commercialism have had a major impact. For illustration, consumers who have entree to the Internet are able to compare the comparative virtues of different merchandise and are more spoting in their purchases. E-commerce such as saloon cryptography has allowed considerable cost salvaging made by streamlining concern procedure and has generated excess grosss from the expert usage of online gross revenues installations. The adept usage of e-commerce has given companies a competitory advantage.Changing and impact of competitory environmentIn order to pack in today competitory environment company have had to go more client driven and do client satisfaction and on over reading priory. Customers are demanding every bettering degree of service in cost, quali ty, dependability, bringing, and pick of advanced new merchandises. Identify cost efficiency, quality, clip and invention as the cardinal success factors. In add-on to concentrating on this factor organisation are following new direction attack in their quest to accomplish client satisfaction. Excellence in fabrication can supply a competitory arm to vie in sophistic worldwide market. In order to vie effectual companies must be capable of fabricating advanced merchandise if high quality at low cost and besides supply a first category client services. Organization as those operating in the air hose and fiscal services industry were either authorities owned monopolies or operated in extremely regulated protected and non-competitive environment. These organisations were non capable to any greater force per unit area to better the quality and efficiency of their operation or Tom improve profitableness by component services or merchandise that were doing losingss. Compare to the increasing competition as besides made determination mistake due to hapless cost information more likely and more dearly-won. If the cost system resulted in destroy merchandise cost Begin reported, than the overhead cost merchandise willed to higher command monetary value in concern and concern loss to those rival to be able to cite lower monetary value ill because the cost system produce more accurate cost information. Alternatively there is a danger that under coasted merchandises will resulted in credences of unprofitableness concern.The changing and impact of globalisationIn the globalisation, international corporations have to cover with trouble and hazard confronting the concern. There are many differences in political system, accounting system of external study, legal system and civilization and usage in different states ( Pettersen, 2001 ) . In order to run successful concern abroad, it is important for directors to understand these differences and the income r evenue enhancements system difference is another cardinal factor. Management comptrollers must give careful consideration to local revenue enhancement jurisprudence and revenue enhancement rate, which may be different from domestic legal. Last, for the different pecuniary system, directors of transnational companies must be supervising the foreign exchange fluctuation continuously. So the universe economic system is influenced by many factors, and exchange rates fluctuate often and widely. When the corporations go abroad to set up contracts, make trade good minutess and run concerns, there are much more similar job they have to face. For direction accounting, it has to get the better of important barriers and troubles in the globalisation. The aim of direction accounting is altering. Before the globalisation, most corporations are little and chiefly relay on place operations. With the deepening of globalisation, endeavor graduated tables are increasing and travel abroad to serve their clients. The traditional accounting is ever concentrating on the domestic instead than the international market. These transnational corporations, confronting the tendency and demand of globalisation, have to redesign their accounting systems to fulfill the new planetary aims. The aims and ends of direction accounting are non merely domestic information, which is based on the historical information, but besides the planetary information, which help directors cut down complexness and hazard in concern. So the direction accounting should acquire the more exact and suited information of working capital and operation cost. Keeping a tight manus on this information, international concern can recover their competitory border. Excellent direction accounting can supply utile information to assist a corporation accomplish its ends and aims. First of wholly, it can give the scorekeeping of the concern, which accumulates and classifies the information. Based on the scorecard, internal directors can measure the public presentation of the concern. Second, the director accounting supplies important job, which should be looked into the attending directing. Attention directing respects to giving the director item and direct information, which makes them recognize the job, chances and challenges of the company. To work out jobs, direction accounting frequently make a survey to happen out the possible methods and the most appropriate option.The changing and impact Organizational constructionIn modern-day competitory scenes, organisations are progressively concentrating on factors that provide value to the client. This customer-focus is triping a flattening of organisational constructions. Harmonizing to the term â₠¬Å" horizontal organisation † has evolved to reflect patterns applied in companies that integrate activities across the value-chain to back up a customer-focus scheme Chenhall ( 2008 ) . Harmonizing to following new engineerings may necessitate alterations in organisational constructions and work procedures to better accommodate the capablenesss of improved engineering. Khandwalla ( 1974 ) , Thus, for better success, there is a demand for a alteration to organisational construction fostered by advanced engineering applications. Organizational design and construction represents the forms and relationships that exist among organisation or work unit elements in organisational construction ( Macy & A ; Arunachalam, 1995 ) . A alteration in construction can be in the signifier of new organisation structural, departmentalization, centralisation, decentalisation and accent that â€Å" organisation constructions are the merchandise non merely of coordinating demands imposed by complex engineerings, but besides of rationalized norms legalizing acceptance of appropriate structural theoretical accounts. The organisational construction variable draws to a great extent on the seminal plants of Bruns and Waterhouse ( 1975 ) , who identified several organisational features that were strongly related to the pick of accounting-control scheme. In drumhead, they found that as organisations and sections turn and go more complex, they tend to deconcentrate and implement a more administratively oriented control scheme, which involves a higher grade of behavior formalisation and an increasing usage of formal forms of communicating. In line with outlooks, they besides found that the MASs in these organisations †matched † the overall control scheme in so far as they tended to utilize †a more extremely developed and formal budgeting system, with greater standardisation of information flows and greater operating director engagement in budgeting † ( Merchant, 1984, p. 291 ) . In contrast, smaller, more homogenous and centralised houses tended to trust more extremely on inform al, personally oriented control mechanisms such as direct supervising and face-to-face communicating. Consequently, houses were less reliant on formal usage of the budget when utilizing this interpersonal control scheme.The impact and altering economic growing ( authorities )The major economic environment backgrounds, such as great depression, authoritiess make accommodations through policy alterations that they hope will win in stabilising the economic system. Governments believe that the success of these accommodations is necessary to keep stableness and go on growing. This economic direction is achieved through two types of schemes. In a recession, authoritiess stimulate the economic system with shortage disbursement outgo exceeds gross. The gross revenue enhancement and disbursement policy designed to counter economic growing such as in orderaˆ?to achieve lower unemployment, achieve low or no rising prices, and achieve sustained but governable economic growing. Therefore concern, now a twenty-four hours is vitally affected by the economic, societal, legal, technological and political factors. These factors jointly form concern environment. Business environment, as such, is the sum of all external forces, which affect the organisation and operations of concern. The environment of an organisation has got internal, operational and general lives directors must be cognizant of these three environmental degrees and their relationship and importance. The term ‘business environment implies those external forces, factors and establishments that are beyond the control ofA single concern organisations and their direction and impact the concern endeavor. It implies all external forces within which a concern endeavor operates. Business environment influence the operation of the concern system. Therefore, concern environment may be defined as all those conditions and forces, which are external to the concern and are beyond the single concern unit, but it operates within it. These forces are client, creditors, rivals, authorities, socio-cultural organisations, political parties national and international organisations. Some of those forces affect the concern straight which some others have indirect consequence on the concern

Love and Power in Marriage as Portrayed in A Doll House

A Doll’s House by Ibsen has become a starting moment for a new step in the development of drama genre. Prior to this play, Ibsen’s contemporary drama consisted of behavior plays and historical theatre. But A Doll’s House added a new aspect to the problems highlighted by the contemporary drama. Ibsen in his play introduced a crucial examination of social issues, and the nature of Victorian marriage. By revealing the background of Helmer marriage Ibsen makes the intimate private and stands up for women identity. Revealing the secrecy of marriage Ibsen overturns the customary roles of a woman and a man as they were regarded by the society before. Marriage in Victorian Society Ibsen provides Nora with the new role different from the role of wife and mother that was an innovation for the contemporary society. As it was customary to refer to woman’s identity in the context of her marital role, Ibsen’s play appeared as a protest, and this play is still regarded as a feminist writing, although the author denied it. The author touched a few intertwined themes, but marital relations are one of the most crucial issues, referred to in the play. Victorian age was cruel towards human identity in general, let alone woman’s individuality. The economical background buried the interest to the individuality within the society. During the period after the French Revolution the thirst for individual freedom was replaced by the economic power, and as the result, women were deprived of the power more than ever. Nora’s changed attitude towards her marriage is not just a problem in the relations between a husband and wife; it is the symbol of the most serious problems of bourgeois values of the middle class. By rejecting the marriage, Nora also denies these values, thus demonstrating the opposition between identity and economical stability: â€Å"I should try to become a human being† (Act Three) A Doll’s House reflects Ibsen’s own relation to the problem of woman’s self-expression. He was sure that women could express themselves, their individuality but in a real life woman’s role in marriage came to a sacrifice. Neither husbands nor society treated women as equals with their spouses. The scene of Torvald being afraid of his employers believing that he had been influenced by his wife is a perfect illustration of the relation to women in Victorian society. Marriage in Victorian society became a kind of a social trap, worse for woman than for men. Divorce was not forbidden, but it was accompanied by such a strong social ban that it could ever be regarded as the possible way to resolve the problems in family life. That’s why Torvald shows his inner weakness by his desire to pretend that he and Nora had a happy family, rather than bear the social antagonism: â€Å"From this moment happiness is not the question; all that concerns us is to save the remains, the fragments, the appearance – † (Act Three) On the contrary, Nora, as the symbol of woman, who wasn’t treated as a powerful identity, shows her force by her serious intentions in finding her individuality. Nora feels a fragility of love, but she doesn’t give up and feels the power to build a new happy life instead of her unhappy marriage. Love and Power in the Marriage of Torvald and Nora Nora, who at the beginning was displayed as a happy woman full of love and devoted to her family, realizes that that her happiness is just her dream, but not reality. Thus, she and her husband exchange their roles – Nora is strong enough to face the reality, while her husband is afraid of everything that may damage his habitual life. Nora understands that she was treated like a child used for amusement. The men around her, her husband and her father wanted to see her helpless, seeing her only mission in serving them: â€Å"I have existed merely to perform tricks for you, Torvald. But you wanted it like that. You and father have committed a great sin against me. It is your fault that I have made nothing of my life. Our home has been nothing but a playroom. I have been your doll-wife, just as at home I was father's doll-child; and here the children have been my dolls.† (Act Three) This is how the concept and picture of marriage changes as the plot of the play goes. At the beginning of the play Nora and her husband seem to be a happy family, a husband and a wife who love each other. However, this happiness and love are built on a lie. Nora pretends that she is helpless without Torvald’s protection and power: I would never dream of doing anything you didn’t want me to† and â€Å"I never get anywhere without your help† (Act One), while the reader and spectator knows that she has already rescued Torvald’s life, and Nora’s words acquires dramatically ironical nature. When Mrs. Linde asks Nora if he ever reveals her secret about the loan, Nora shows her awareness of Torvald’s real attitude to her as to a beautiful doll, which has to amuse him: â€Å"Yes – some day, perhaps, after many years, when I am no longer as pretty as I am now. Don't laugh at me! I mean, of course, when Torvald is no longer as devoted to me as he is now; when my dancing and dressing-up and reciting have palled on him then it may be a good thing to have something in reserve.† (Act One) Conclusion As the play starts, Nora makes an impression of a weak and powerless woman, whose life is fully devoted to her family life, while Torvald seems to be the personification of power and domination. Their relations are set against the life story of Mrs. Linde, who at first denied her strong love to gain power and financial security. But by the end of the play the situation changes, Nora finds herself and her individuality although loses her love, and Mrs. Linde turns back to her true feelings. The problems shown with the help of characters’ interaction are not resolved by the author. Ibsen demonstrates the conflicts, but does not give any ways out. He just offers the possibilities, offering the readers and spectators to find their own viewpoint and solution. Related article: â€Å"My Ideal Wife† References Ibsen H. (1991) A Doll's House, Tram. W. Archer. London               

Has international intervention trying to end violent ethno-national Essay

Has international intervention trying to end violent ethno-national conflict had successful outcomes - Essay Example He did by calling out to the man, â€Å"No one shall dare beat you again.† As if these remarks were not incendiary enough, he proceeded to say, â€Å"This is your land, your fields, your gardens; your memories are here†. A decade later, under Milosevic’s watch, in defense of fields, gardens and memories, Serbian forces unleashed ethnic cleansing in Kosovo -- resulting in the massacre of thousands of ethnic Albanians and the forcible displacement of around 800,000 more. The retaliation of the ethnic Albanians on the few Serbs that have been left behind still continue to this day, pointing to the cyclical nature of the violence. The ethnic divides in the conflict-torn and poverty-ridden ex-Yugoslav region have cut deep and painful wounds, and generations of distrust and hatred fuelled in large part by nationalist myth-making, have created a situation where according to Anastasijevic (2004:105) â€Å"the prevalent mode of interaction has been traditionally one of d ominance, rather than coexistence or assimilation.† Allegedly to prevent further use of force by Slobodan Milosevic, the US-led military intervention of NATO charged in, conducting air strike upon air strike, cloaked by Resolutions 1160 and 1199 of the United Nations Security Council. The military intervention had been nothing if not controversial, with the main problematic stated most elegantly by Chomsky, who stated: There is at least a tension, if not an outright contradiction, between the rules of world order laid down in the United Nation Charter and the rights articulated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UD). The charter bans force violating state sovereignty; the UD guarantees the rights of individuals against oppressive states †¦ . The issue of humanitarian intervention arises from this tension (Chomsky 1999: 73) This leaves us in a precarious position on course of action where a government persistently violates the human rights of its citizens as eng aging in one set of commitment might involve violation of other international laws. Humanitarian intervention as a process therefore, shall imply a third party militarily invading an independent state without consent of the ‘legitimate’ government to rescue people from grossly violations of their human rights by their government. As Archibugi (2004: 2-3) observed, these interventions could be machineries for the extension of liberal ideas of the West in countries of the South controlled by ‘undemocratic governments with weak military capacities and economies. Ethics and moral justification concepts in humanitarian intervention gained prominence after the cold war in international relations when these interventions went side by side with armed forces for the first time. Viewed through ethical lens, the interventions are in a quagmire of conflict between the world’s responsibility to protect and promote fundamental human rights which are universal and the obl igation to respect state sovereignty, the basis for international order (Hoffman in Chesterman et al. 2001:277). Humanitarian intervention parse has continued to be a disputed concept in the contemporary world of politics (see Chandler 2004: 60) largely informed by events following Operation Allied Force (OAF) in Kosovo by North Atlantic Treaty Organisation forces (NATO) in 1999 and the Operation Freedom (OF) of 2003 in Iraq (Bellamy 2006: 12) all led by the United States (US) and

End of the Century Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

End of the Century - Essay Example Opening the introduction of Reading the 'Fin de Siecle', Sally Ledger and Roger Luckhurst say: "The Victorian fin de siecle was an epoch of endings and beginnings. The collision between the old and new that characterised the turn of the century marks it as an excitingly volatile and transitional period; a time when British cultural politics were caught between two ages, the Victorian and the Modern; a time fraught with anxiety and with an exhilarating sense of possibility, (2000, p. xiii). According to them, women, imperialism, realism, journalism, drama, art, psychology, science, communication, education, democracy, politics, and meaning and expression of sex were all changing, at the turn of century. Intellectuality had a new meaning and geography of Europe, relationships between governments and countries were fast altering beyond recognition. They say that the allure of fin de siecle, its 'naughtiness' were reflected in the fantasies of the late twentieth century. Those are the ending of Victorian days, days of Charles Dickens, Victor Hugo, Arthur Rimbaud, Thomas Hardy, Oscar Wilde, steam engines, literary groups, learned institutions, proud cultural heritages. In Europe, everything was so well established that people and intellectuals were craving for some change to break the monotony. It was a moment that started a literature movement in almost all the regions. As the authors say, the end of the century was also the beginning of another century in the true sense. World was ready for a new era full of new ideas, wars, scientific discoveries, new art and individuality in every scene. The era of Postmodernism had started. They were the days when Paris was full of radical ideas in literature and various forms of arts. "When German troops withdrew from Paris after the Franco-Prussian War of 1871, French anarchists briefly established the Commune of Paris. Though the Commune of Paris was not long-lived, it seemed to set off a time in French culture when radical ideas in literature, art, theatre, and architecture were allowed to blossom. Paris became the center of avant-garde culture" http://lala.essortment.com/literaturemovem_rzkb.htm The unconventional ideas of writers like Stephan Mallarme, Guy de Maupassant influenced the new generation enormously. The saddest moment of fin de seicle came when Captain Alfred Dreyfus was falsely accused of spying for Germans, convicted and was deported into Devil's Island. Writer Emile Zola in his famous open letter 'J'Accuse' defended Dreyfus and eventually Dreyfus was brought back and exonerated, after much turmoil. Zola himself had to flee to English accused of a libel case and his novel Germinal kicked up a great scandal. This experience, in no way, hindered either Zola or other writers of fin de seicle. Then there is the most famous Art Noveau movement, started by two stalwart architects, Hector Guimard and Victor Horta. They initiated the entire art movement of the century. "The fluidity and asymmetry of these works had never been seen before, and was shocking to the bourgeoisie.

Coloniaism, Development, Culture and Resistance Essay

Coloniaism, Development, Culture and Resistance - Essay Example The New World inhabitants had accumulated a lot of golden treasure throughout the eras, besides the first deluge of "novel" gold into Europe and Spain came because of the  conquistadores  Ã¢â‚¬ËœSpanish for "conqueror’ take hold of this accumulation (Cole, 2002)  . Through the takeover of Peru by Pizarro Francisco, novel gold started to be excavated; and, through the unearthing of the silver in Mexico, vast quantities of silver started to surface. The European voyagers started to search mainly for gold. Therefore, as silver and gold reached in Europe from the New World, the value of everything started to rise gradually. The perpetual increase of silver and gold in Europe caused what historians term as  the price revolution (Diffie, 1977) and (Armesto, 2006). This paper will discuss the economic advantages that Europeans gained from their conquests in the ‘New World’. Food The new-fangled plants, which were initiated from the New-World, provided adequate fo od supplies for the growing population in Europe. The Europeans began to plant corn and potatoes from the New World. Although it was hard to get accustomed to corn, some Europeans, for instance, the Italians finally became adjusted to corn; nevertheless, it was utilized mainly as food for geese, chicken as well as other fowl as well as for pigs. The potatoes introduction created a revolution of calories, while the reception of corn created a revolution of proteins (Cole, 2002) and (Armesto, 2006). As Europe’s land could now yield more foodstuffs, the value of foodstuffs began to decline. The land production capacity had kept up with the populace, as well as the common European could at the moment eat more. In turn, the Europeans, initiated corn into the Africans as well as sweet potatoes to the Chinese, where these novel foods also altered conditions dramatically (Donkin, 2003) and (Armesto, 2006). The French brought in  tomatoes that they termed as "apples of love," and ut ilized them for decorative purposes within their flower parks. They believed that they were toxic. In time, nevertheless, the poison-producing tomato capacities were kept out, in addition the tomato turned out to be one of the highly popular supplements to European food (Donkin, 2003) and (Armesto, 2006). There were numerous other food vegetables transported back to Europe -- mainly many selections of  squash,  pumpkins,  beans,  peppers  -- that started a welcome diversity, along with a wide variety of vitamins, to the European cuisine. The healthiness of the common European started to improve, as well as his weight, height, and potency increased. While As this transpired, his endurance to illness grew (Cook, 1998) and (Armesto, 2006). Drugs A lot of awareness is directed to the dreadful death toll amongst the native populaces of the New-World instigated through the European's initiation of novel diseases that were incurable (Cook, 1998). It should as well be observed tha t majority of Europeans arriving to the New-World died in a year, generally from some illness, as well as that the demise toll amid Europeans within the central of Africa was very huge that it stayed largely uncultivated by them up to the 19th era (Dunton, 1896) and (Armesto, 2006). The Europeans were hasty to utilize native medicines for their illnesses, and the cinchona tree’